Resonant frequencies in human tissue, modern wireless technology and medical therapy: A scientific approach

Summary

This article provides a comprehensive review of resonant frequencies in human tissues, organs and cells, as well as how these frequencies interact with electromagnetic and mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, how frequency ranges used in modern wireless technology are explored, such as Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G and the upcoming ones The 6G networks, affects biological tissue. A particular emphasis is placed on millimeter waves, their interaction with biological systems, and how frequencies in this spectrum penetrate materials and tissues. The article also includes an overview of all known frequencies used in medicine and biophysics, as well as scientific documentation on how different tissues react to these frequencies. A thorough discussion is given of the effects of electromagnetic radiation, including high-frequency radiation (GHz), and their ability to penetrate various materials and biological tissues.

The main points of the article:

• Resonant frequencies: Human tissues, organs and cells have natural vibrational frequencies that can be affected by electromagnetic, sound vibrations and mechanical frequency stimuli.
  
  
• Interactions with modern technology: Frequencies from wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G and 6G affect biological tissue, particularly millimeter waves. The water in the body is significantly affected as these frequency ranges are resonant (oscillate in rhythm) with large parts of the wireless spectrum.
  
  
• Dielectric properties: The water content of the human body affects how tissues respond to electromagnetic frequencies.
  
  
• Low frequency fields (kHz-MHz): Used in medical treatments such as TENS for pain relief and RF ablation for cancer treatment.
  
  
• High frequency fields (GHz): Wi-Fi and 5G use frequencies that interact with biological tissue through resonance, but have limited penetration. That is they don't go that deep because most of the energy is absorbed via resonance in watery tissue (like the skin).  
  
  The frequency range used in millimeter wave therapy (MMWT) usually lies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz, with the most commonly used therapeutic frequencies often in the area 30 GHz to 60 GHz. This technology is used for pain relief, improved wound healing and reduction of inflammation, where low-intensity millimeter waves can trigger biological effects without thermal damage.

When it comes to 5G network, these use a wide frequency spectrum. The lower 5G frequencies are in between 600 MHz and 6 GHz (the low and medium frequency bands), while the millimeter waves used for 5G typically operate in between 24 GHz and 40 GHz​. Overall, the frequency ranges of millimeter wave therapy and the higher frequencies of 5G technology overlap, especially in the high frequency millimeter wave segment.

• Millimeter wave therapy: Used for medical treatment for pain relief, inflammation reduction and wound healing, with both thermal and non-thermal effects.
  
  
• Scientific concern: Research shows that 5G and millimeter waves can have non-thermal biological effects, but the long-term effects are not well understood. As it is known that millimeter waves used in "therapy format" have well-documented effects on the body, the cell membranes, the immune system unless via non-thermal effects, there is obviously a risk of damage arising from long-term exposure to high-intensity (powerful) millimeter waves.
  
  
• Regulation and research needs: Although there has been extensive research into the effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields since the 1950s, including thousands of studies by the US Navy, Russian sources and other independent researchers, showing clear biological effects, including harmful non-thermal effects, the industry has largely undercommunicated these findings. There is an urgent need for updated guidelines and regulations to take this research into account. This applies particularly in connection with the rollout of new technology such as 5G, where there is a lack of sufficient documentation proving that it is safe for humans, animals and nature, and where existing research on non-thermal effects should be included in modern risk assessments and standards.

1. Introduction on resonant frequencies (harmony between waves and matter)

Resonant frequencies are a fundamental principle in both biophysics and medicine. Resonance occurs when a system – whether it is a biological tissue, a cell, or a molecule – is exposed to a frequency that matches its natural vibrational frequency. When this happens, the tissue absorbs energy very efficiently, which can lead to biological changes or damage, depending on the frequency and level of exposure. Modern technologies such as wireless communication, ultrasound, and radiofrequency-based therapy use these principles to achieve diagnostic and therapeutic goals.

2. Electromagnetic frequencies and resonance in biological tissue

2.1. Dielectric properties and electrical response in tissue

Biological tissues have specific dielectric properties which affects how they respond to electromagnetic frequencies. Dielectricity refers to a material's ability to store electrical energy in the presence of an electric field. In biological tissues, the water content, cell membrane structure, and ionic concentrations are the most important factors that affect resonant frequencies.

• Water content: Because the human body is approximately 60-70% water, water plays a dominant role in how tissues respond to electromagnetic frequencies. Water has a relatively high permittivity at lower frequencies, which means it can easily store electrical energy. This has major implications for how tissue absorbs electromagnetic energy from medical devices operating at lower frequencies (kHz to MHz).
• Ione content: The electrical properties of tissues such as brain, muscle and blood are strongly influenced by their content of ions such as sodium, potassium and calcium.

These ions are responsible for the electrical signals in the cells, and frequencies that affect the cell membranes can change ion transport and cell function.

2.2. Electrical impedance and resonance in tissue

Impedance measures how much a tissue resists the flow of an electrical current. When tissue is exposed to an electromagnetic field at its resonant frequency, its impedance decreases, resulting in greater current flow. This phenomenon is used in medical technology such as radiofrequency ablation, where resonance-induced heating is used to destroy diseased tissue, such as cancerous tumors, without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.

3. Low frequency electromagnetic fields (kHz to MHz) and their medical applications

Low-frequency electromagnetic fields, typically in the area from kilohertz (kHz) to megahertz (MHz), have many medical applications because they affect cell membranes and can stimulate the nervous system. These frequencies are used in therapy for pain relief, muscle stimulation and even cancer treatment.

3.1. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

TENS devices usually uses frequencies from 1 kHz to 150 kHz to stimulate nerves and provide pain relief. By applying electrical impulses through electrodes placed on the skin, TENS can help relieve pain by disrupting pain signals from the nerve pathways. The electric current induces a resonance in nerve cells which results in a reduced sensation of pain.

3.2. Radiofrequency ablation in cancer treatment

Radiofrequency ablation (RF ablation) is a well-known treatment for cancer, especially in organs such as the liver, kidneys and lungs. RF ablation uses electromagnetic frequencies in the area 300 kHz to 500 kHz to heat and destroy cancer cells by inducing resonance in the cells, which leads to thermal destruction of the tissue. The specific frequency is chosen because it can penetrate sufficiently deep into tissue and deliver energy without damaging surrounding healthy tissue. Millimeter wave therapy (MMWT) and radiofrequency ablation (RF ablation) uses targeted electromagnetic frequencies to destroy cancer cells without harming surrounding healthy tissue.

• RF ablation operates at frequencies of 300 kHz to 500 kHz, and damages cancer cells by heating the tissue through resonance, which leads to cell death. The selected frequency ensures that the energy penetrates deep enough to reach the tumor, but it limits the heating of healthy tissue.
• Millimeter wave therapy, which operates at frequencies from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, uses both thermal and non-thermal effects. This technique has a short penetration depth, but can still affect biological processes such as ion channels and cell communication through resonance, which contributes to the destruction of cancer cells without creating harmful heat effects.

Cancer cells are particularly susceptible to such treatments due to their abnormal growth, altered membrane structures and biophysical properties, making them more sensitive to the selected frequency and resonance effects.

4. Intermediate frequency electromagnetic fields (MHz) and ultrasound technology

4.1. Ultrasound frequencies in medical diagnostics

Ultrasound uses mechanical waves in the frequency range 1 MHz to 15 MHz to create images of the body's internal structures. Higher frequencies give better resolution, but have lower penetration depth, while lower frequencies give deeper penetration, but lower resolution. Ultrasound is particularly useful in medical imaging of soft tissues, such as the liver, kidneys and heart. Resonant frequencies in the tissue are used to improve the clarity and accuracy of the images.

4.2. Elastography and tissue stiffness

Elastography, a method used in both MR and ultrasound, uses low-frequency mechanical vibrations, usually in the area 50 Hz to 500 Hz, to measure tissue stiffness. This method utilizes resonance to identify areas of disease, such as stiff areas in the liver that may indicate fibrosis or cancer.

5. High frequency electromagnetic fields (GHz) and wireless technology

Modern wireless technology, such as Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G and 6G, operates in high frequency areas ranging from 700 MHz to 100 GHz, depending on the technology. These frequencies have specific interactions with biological tissue and materials, depending on the wavelength, energy, and properties of the tissue.

5.1. Wi-Fi and 4G frequencies

Wi-Fi operates at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, while 4G networks use frequencies from 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz. Wi-Fi and 4G signals have the ability to penetrate walls and other materials, but their ability to penetrate biological tissue is limited by the body's high water content, which absorbs a large portion of the energy.

5.2. 5G technology and millimeter waves

5G introduces the use of millimeter waves, which operate between 24 GHz and 100 GHz. These frequencies have a shorter wavelength and are therefore less effective when it comes to penetrating deep into biological tissue. Studies show that millimeter waves have a skin penetration depth of 0.1 to 1 mm, depending on frequency and intensity. This is because the water content of biological tissue, especially skin, absorbs a large part of the energy.

Scientific explanation of penetrability

Although millimeter waves have limited ability to penetrate deep into biological tissue, they can penetrate non-biological materials such as wood, plaster, and certain thin metal surfaces. This is due to the difference in dielectric properties between these materials and biological tissue. For example, walls and materials such as wood and plastic have a lower water content and lower permittivity than human tissue, which means that millimeter waves can more easily pass through them without being absorbed.

6. Millimeter wave therapy: Clinical applications and biological effects

Millimeter waves also have therapeutic applications, where they are used to stimulate cellular processes such as regeneration and pain relief. Millimeter Wave Therapy (MWT) uses frequencies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz to induce physiological responses such as pain relief, reduction of inflammation, and improved wound healing.

6.1. Clinical applications

Millimeter waves in the area 40 GHz to 60 GHz used in clinical treatments to stimulate nerve endings and increase blood flow in superficial tissues. The short wavelengths mean that the energy is mainly absorbed in the upper layers of the skin, which reduces the risk of deep biological effects.

6.2. Scientific studies on millimeter waves

Research has shown that millimeter waves can induce both thermal and non-thermal effects on cells. Non-thermal effects include changes in cell membrane potentials and ion channel activities, which can help reduce pain and inflammation.

7. Penetration of high-frequency waves in materials and biological tissue

7.1. How high frequency waves interact with materials

When electromagnetic waves interact with materials, their penetration ability depends on the material's properties, including permittivity, conductivity, and thickness. 5G millimeter waves, for example, has more difficulty penetrating solid objects such as walls and thicker materials compared to lower frequencies, such as 4G. This is due to their shorter wavelength, which makes them more sensitive to reflection and absorption in solid materials.

7.2. Penetration into biological tissue

Biological tissues, especially water-containing tissues such as skin and muscle, absorb electromagnetic waves effectively. At higher frequencies such as 5G (24 GHz to 100 GHz), the waves only penetrate the upper millimeters of the skin. This is because water molecules in the skin resonate with millimeter waves, which leads to strong absorption and rapid energy loss. This explains why millimeter waves have little effect on deeper tissue, despite the fact that they can penetrate non-biological materials such as walls and plastic.

8. Millimeter wave therapy (MMWT) and those the non-thermal effects of these high-frequency waves has been the subject of considerable research in recent decades. This is especially true in medical treatment where millimeter waves (MMW) have shown promising results in pain relief, immune system modulation and cell proliferation, without creating harmful heat effects.

8.1 Millimeter waves: Frequency ranges and intensity

Millimeter waves operate in the frequency range 30 GHz to 300 GHz, and in medical treatment frequencies such as 42.2 GHz, 53.6 GHz, and 61.2 GHz. These are specific frequencies chosen because they have been shown to elicit targeted biological responses without thermally damaging tissue. The typical intensity used in MMWT is around 30 mW/cm², and studies have shown that such low intensities are enough to trigger non-thermal biological effects that affect ion channels, cell membrane potentials and signal transduction pathways in the cells.

8.2 Non-thermal effects on cell membranes and water

Non-thermal effects refer to the biological responses that are not caused by heating, but rather involve interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological structures. Millimeter waves have a particular effect the cell membranes by modulating the activity of ion channels, such as calcium channels, and alters cell communication in a way that can reduce inflammation and promote healing. This is documented in studies there low intensity millimeter waves has been used to treat inflammation, wounds and even some cancers, without the harmful side effects that occur with ionizing radiation.

Research has also shown that water plays a critical role in the non-thermal effects of millimeter waves. Because the human body is made up of around 70% water, millimeter waves affect the vibrational and rotational modes of water molecules, which in turn affects cellular processes such as ion transport and cell metabolism. This may explain why millimeter wave therapy is effective without creating the harmful thermal effects usually associated with higher intensities and lower frequencies.

9. Biological mechanisms and therapeutic applications

Non-thermal effects of millimeter waves have been studied in a variety of cell models, including cancer cells. Researchers have found that exposure to millimeter waves in the low-intensity range can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells, while healthy cells remain unaffected. This opens up the potential for selective treatment of cancerous tumors with minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue. MMWT has also shown promising results in the treatment of wound healing and immune system modulation, where the non-thermal effects appear to promote cell proliferation and improve the body's ability to fight infections.

10. Resonance in biological structures

Studies have also documented that millimeter waves can create resonance phenomena in biomolecules, which may explain some of the biological effects. This applies in particular to ion channels in cell membranes, where millimeter waves can affect the opening and closing of these channels through resonant interactions. This has implications for both pain relief and anti-inflammatory therapies, as millimeter waves can modulate nerve activity without causing damage to the cells.

11. Safety and future research

Although millimeter wave therapy has been shown to be relatively safe, further research is needed to fully understand its long-term effects, especially with repeated exposure. Non-thermal effects are subtle and can vary depending on tissue type, exposure intensity, and duration. This emphasizes the need for standardization of treatment protocols and a deeper understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms that govern the interaction of millimeter waves with living systems.

Millimeter wave therapy represents a promising future treatment method that can provide targeted biological effects with minimal risk of thermal damage. However, further research is needed to optimize frequencies and intensities for specific clinical applications.

This article combines findings from several research studies on non-thermal effects of millimeter wave therapy, including their effects on cell membranes, water, and biomolecules. It also emphasizes the possible therapeutic benefits within cancer treatment, wound healing, and pain relief, as well as the need for further safety studies

The frequencies used in 5G-technology, has non-thermal effects which goes far beyond the superficial heating of the skin. This aspect was not initially highlighted sufficiently in the discussion of millimeter waves, but it is important to note that research has demonstrated significant resonance effects in cell membranes and other biological structures not necessarily related to thermal effects.

12. Non-thermal effects of millimeter waves: Resonance in cell membranes

Millimeter waves, which operate in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, have shown the ability to affect biological systems without causing warming. These non-thermal effects may include:

• Modulation of ion channels: Millimeter waves can affect calcium, sodium and potassium channels in the cell membrane, which can change the cell membrane potential. This is important for processes such as cell communication and ion transport, which control many of the body's physiological responses.
  
  
• Effects on cell proliferation: Research has shown that millimeter waves can have a regulatory effect on cell growth and apoptosis (cell death), which is relevant for both wound healing and cancer treatment.
  
  
• Effect on water molecules: The human body is made up of approximately 70% water, and millimeter waves can affect the resonance and rotational modes of water molecules, which indirectly affects cellular functions, including ion transport and metabolism.

13. Resonance at the molecular level: Long-range effects

Although millimeter waves do not penetrate deeply into the body (with a penetration depth of approx 0.1 to 1 mm in skin), they can trigger biological responses which affects deeper tissues indirectly. This is due to signal transmission processes that start at the cell membrane and are passed on through the cells' communication systems. This means that even exposure to millimeter waves on the surface of the skin can have effects on the body's nervous system, immune system and metabolic processes, through non-thermal mechanisms that affect ion channels, cell signaling and membrane resonance .

14. The importance of frequency and intensity

Even small changes in frequency and intensity can have major consequences for how millimeter waves interact with biological tissue. Experiments have shown that specific frequencies within the millimeter wave spectrum (e.g. 42 GHz and 60 GHz) can have significant effects on cell function, even at low intensities of below 30 mW/cm². This emphasizes that frequency-specific resonance effects can cause molecular and cellular responses without creating heat.

15. Challenges with 5G and health

The fact that 5G uses frequencies in the millimeter wave range raises important questions about the possible the non-thermal effects of continuous exposure. Although 5G signals largely interacting with the surface of the skin, they can affect deeper biological functions through mechanisms similar to those observed in the therapeutic use of millimeter waves. This applies in particular to the resonance effects in cell membranes and water molecules, which can affect cell metabolism and cell functions in a way that is not fully understood.

16. Resonance and absorption in biological tissue from wireless radiation: Wi-Fi to 6G

Electromagnetic radiation from WiFi, 4G, 5G, and the upcoming The 6G network operating in frequency ranges that overlap with the body's natural resonant frequencies, particularly those associated with water molecules. This means that a significant part of the energy from these frequencies can be absorbed by biological tissue, mainly due to the electrical properties of water and the biophysical effects on cell membranes and other molecular structures.

16.1 Penetration depth and resonance

When we talk about penetration depth for electromagnetic radiation, we refer to how deeply an electromagnetic wave can penetrate materials, including biological tissue, before it loses a significant amount of its energy. This penetration is not only a matter of the strength of the waves, but also how the body absorbs the energy. When the frequencies of electromagnetic waves match the natural frequencies of water molecules in the body (or other biological molecules such as ion channels in cell membranes), occurs resonance. Resonance causes a maximum absorption of the energy, which both limits how deep the waves can penetrate, while at the same time transferring energy and information to the tissue.

16.2 Resonance effects in water molecules and biological structures

The human body consists of approx 70% water by weight and whole 99% water molecules, and water has resonant frequencies in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the frequencies used in wireless technology. For example is 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, operating in the microwave range, close to a resonant frequency for water molecules. This means that much of the energy in the Wi-Fi waves is quickly absorbed by water in the body, causing the waves to lose energy and not penetrate deeply into the tissue.

Likewise, higher frequencies used in 5G millimeter waves (24–100 GHz) have an even shorter penetration depth in biological tissue because the water in the skin and other superficial tissues absorbs the energy very efficiently. This is a direct consequence of resonance, where the waves' frequency matches the natural vibrational or rotational frequencies of the water molecules, and the energy is transferred instead of penetrating deeply. In other words, it is not the case that a type of radiation is safe because it is absorbed by tissue, cells and water and thus normally will not penetrate deep into the body.

17. Relationship between frequency and energy transfer

If that was not resonant between electromagnetic waves and biological tissue, the energy would not be absorbed to the same extent. Instead, the waves would reflect or pass through the tissue without interacting with it at a molecular level. This is why when we look at Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, and 6G, absorption occurs because the frequencies lie in an area where water molecules and cell membranes can resonate with the waves. This resonance is a critical point for biophysical interaction, as it enables both energy transfer and information transfer into biological systems.

18. Significance for health and research

The fact that the body absorbs much of the energy from wireless signals due to resonance raises questions about the biological effects of continuous exposure.
Although most of the research and safety information on wireless radiation has focused on thermal effects (heating of tissues), there is also a need to understand them the non-thermal effects. These can include changes in cell function and cell communication, which occur when electromagnetic waves resonate with cell membranes and affect ion channels.

Although we know that much of the energy from these frequencies is absorbed due to resonance, it is still unclear how profound these non-thermal effects can be. This is an important part of ongoing research, especially with regard to the long-term effects of exposure to 5G and 6G technology. The resonance between electromagnetic waves and biological tissue is undisputed, but how this can affect cellular processes, especially with long-term exposure, is still an open question​.

19. An artificial debate that serves the industry and not the people who have to live with the effects of mindless "bombardment"?

Here is a detailed overview of what has been uncovered in research surrounding wireless radiation and the ongoing controversies:

19.1 Early research and documentation

Research into the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMF) began as early as the 1950s, with a number of military studies, particularly by the US Navy. In the 1970s, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe began to publish research showing that low-intensity electromagnetic fields could have biological effects, including non-thermal effects such as effects on cell membranes, ion channels, and neurological processes. 

• Naval Medical Research Institute report (1994): This report, which contains over 2,000 references to research on the bioeffects of microwave and radiofrequency radiation, documented a range of biological effects, including neurological, immunological and cardiovascular disturbances. This is a comprehensive database showing possible harmful effects on humans.
  
  
• Russian research: During the Cold War, the Soviet Union collected a lot of research on how EMF affects biological systems. Their studies showed that microwaves could have significant non-thermal effects, including effects on DNA repair, changes in neurological function, and disturbances in the cardiovascular system.
  
  

20. Biological effects of wireless radiation.
Today it is over 10,000 studies which documents that wireless radiation can have biological effects. Many of these studies show that exposure to electromagnetic radiation can lead to non-thermal effects, which can be far more serious than the thermal effects that are usually highlighted.

Examples of biological effects:

• DNA damage: Research shows that exposure to radio frequency fields can lead to breaks in the DNA structure. This in turn can lead to the development of cancer.
  
  
• Oxidative stress: Several studies have shown that EMF can cause an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to cell deterioration and disease.
  
  
• Disturbances in the blood-brain barrier: It has been shown that exposure to microwaves and low-frequency radiation can weaken the blood-brain barrier, which can lead to the entry of toxins into the brain.
  
  
• Effects on the heart and nervous system: Studies have reported disturbances in heart rhythm and neurological disorders as a result of exposure to radiofrequency radiation.

21. The controversy surrounding 5G
5G technology uses millimeter waves that operate at higher frequencies (24 GHz to 100 GHz). Research on millimeter waves has shown that these frequencies have a very limited penetration depth in biological tissue, but they can have serious biological effects, particularly through resonance in cell membranes and water molecules.

Research and concerns related to 5G:

• Short penetration depth, but biological effects: Although 5G waves do not penetrate deep into the body, they can still affect the skin, eyes and sweat glands, and there are concerns that even superficial exposure could have systemic effects through neurological signaling.
  
  
• Non-thermal effects are under-communicated: Many of the security standards used to assess the effectiveness of 5G (and previous generations) are based mainly on thermal effects. However, it is now known that non-thermal effects, which are not linked to tissue heating, can be far more damaging.
  
  
• Undetermined long-term security: Despite the extensive research on non-thermal effects, there is still a lack of consensus on the long-term health consequences of 5G technology. This is partly due to the fact that much of the research is underfunded, undercommunicated or overlooked.
  
  
• Industry influence and underreporting. There have been allegations that the industry has deliberately under-communicated the dangers of electromagnetic radiation. Several researchers, including Dr. Devra Davis, have argued that the cell phone industry has actively tried to undermine research into the biological effects of radiation, similar to what was done by the tobacco industry in the mid-20th century.

• Industry-funded research: Many of the studies that conclude that wireless radiation is safe are industry-funded. However, independent research often comes to the opposite conclusion and points to harmful effects.
  
  
• Manipulation of regulations: Several researchers have expressed concern that the regulatory standards for wireless radiation are outdated and based on thermal effects alone, and that industry has had a large influence on how these standards are set.

22. The lack of research showing that 5G is safe

Although extensive research has been done on the effects of electromagnetic radiation in general, there are very few studies that specifically focus on the safety of 5G technology. The few studies that exist in this area often point to possible risks, but there is no comprehensive, long-term research that shows that 5G is safe for people, animals or the environment.

Research needs and future directions

Although there are already a large number of studies showing that electromagnetic radiation can be harmful, more research is needed to:

• Map the long-term effects of continuous exposure to 5G radiation.
• Develop new regulations and guidelines that take into account non-thermal effects.
• Ensure independent research that is not influenced by industry, to gain a more objective understanding of the health risks.

Conclusion on safety

There is a significant body of research documenting the potentially harmful effects of wireless radiation, including 5G technology. Despite this, the industry has played a major role in underestimating and under-communicating these findings. While it is known that electromagnetic radiation can have serious non-thermal effects, there is no research to prove that the rollout of 5G is safe for humans, animals or the environment, but there is research that points to the opposite.

The resonance that occurs between electromagnetic waves from wireless technology (Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G and 6G) ​​and the molecules in biological tissue, especially water, causes the energy to be absorbed effectively. This absorption limits the penetration depth, while the energy is transferred to the tissue. This means that the body actually resonates with the frequencies in wireless signals, which emphasizes the need to understand the possible biophysical effects of such exposure, both in the short and long term.

Further research is needed to fully understand non-thermal effects of this type of exposure, especially in the context of the increasingly higher frequencies used in modern wireless systems such as 5G and 6G. It is obvious that resonance effects are a key factor in how the body absorbs and interacts with electromagnetic radiation.

Millimeter waves have limited penetration in biological tissue, they have non-thermal effects. These effects involve resonance in cell membranes, modulation of ion channels, and the influence of water molecules, which has implications for both therapeutic use and the health effects of 5G technology.

23. Development of 5G technology

The development of 5G technology has progressed rapidly and it is recognized that full understanding of the biological effects of millimeter waves, which are part of the 5G frequency spectrum, have not been fully mapped. Although many studies have focused on them the thermal effects of electromagnetic radiation, such as heating of tissues, there is growing concern about them the non-thermal effects. These effects, such as resonance in cell membranes and the influence of ion channels, have been shown to be able to cause biological changes without generating heat, and the research on these is still incomplete. At the same time, the technology is being rolled out at a tremendous pace.

5G and Millimeter Waves: Limited public knowledge of long-term effects

Millimeter waves (used in higher frequencies of 5G, typically between 24 GHz and 100 GHz) have relatively low penetration into the skin (0.1-1 mm), but they can still affect biological processes at the cellular level through resonance in cell membranes, influence of ion channels and changes in the state of water in biological tissue.

24. Millimeter waves used in therapy, an obvious paradox
Admittedly, the intensity (strength) of the signal used in therapy is often 100 times weaker than a mobile signal. Research on millimeter wave therapy (MMWT) started as early as on The 1960s, with significant contributions from Russian scientists, who were pioneers in the field. Their work highlighted the therapeutic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in the millimeter-wave range, and they identified early non-thermal effects on biological tissue. At that time, the researchers investigated how millimeter waves could affect physiological processes such as pain reduction, wound healing and inflammation suppression, without producing harmful heat effects.

The research increased outwards 1970s and 1980s, especially in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. It was during these years that clinical protocols were developed for the use of millimeter waves in medical practice, with several applications within immunomodulation, pain relief and treatment of various inflammatory conditions. The Soviet approach to electromagnetic therapy eventually became known as part of bioelectromagnetics, and it later gained attention in other parts of the world, including the United States and Western Europe.

On The 1990s and beyond, the research continued, with several studies focusing on both of them thermal and the non-thermal effects of millimeter waves. In the last two decades, considerable research has been carried out millimeter wave applications in modern medical technology, including treatments for skin diseases, wound healing, cancer therapy, and even enhancing the immune response.

Summary of research history:

1. The 1960s: Early studies, especially in Russia, explored basic biological effects of millimeter waves.
2. 1970-1980s: Development of clinical applications, especially in the Soviet Union, focusing on non-thermal effects.
3. The 1990s: Further international research on both thermal and non-thermal effects.
4. 2000s and later: The use of millimeter waves is expanding into several medical fields, including cancer treatment and immunotherapy.

This continuous research has helped to establish millimeter wave therapy as a valuable tool in modern medical practice.

25. Regulation and research gap

Regulatory authorities which ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) sets guidelines for exposure levels to electromagnetic radiation, including millimeter waves, based on established thermal effects. However, many scientists point out that the guidelines are mainly based on old paradigms about warming and that there is a need to update them to take into account non-thermal effects, as the latter effects are grossly under-communicated by the industry which wants to use high-frequency wireless technology to a greater and greater extent.

25.1 Lack of consensus in research

It still is no scientific consensus about the possible health risks of long-term exposure to millimeter waves used in 5G. Many studies show that these waves have biological effects, but there is disagreement about whether these effects pose a risk to public health at the levels used in 5G technology. For example, some studies have suggested that millimeter waves can modulate nerve activity, affect cell membranes and change ion channel functions, while other studies have not found significant effects at low intensities typically used in wireless technology.

25.2 Conclusion regarding unclear long-term effect

While 5G technology is being rolled out globally, there is agreement in the research community that there is a need for it more research to fully understand the biological effects of millimeter waves, especially the non-thermal effects at the cellular level. This applies particularly to long-term exposure, since many of the known effects, such as resonance in cell membranes and the influence of water molecules, can potentially have implications for health in the longer term.

Although the technology is being rolled out at a high pace, there are still ongoing discussions about the necessity of further studies before we can say with certainty that 5G and millimeter wave technology are safe. The safety of people and the environment does not seem to be at the top of the priority list when the technology is rolled out. There are obviously other motives that are the driving force behind development. At the bottom of the form

26. Conclusion about the article

This article has thoroughly explored resonant frequencies in human tissue and their use in medicine, wireless technology, and biophysics. From TENS therapy to millimeter wave therapy and 5G networks, resonant frequencies play an important role in how biological tissue responds to electromagnetic fields. Further research will contribute to deepening our understanding of the effects of these frequencies, both on health and in technological applications.

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28. Disclaimer

This article presents information based on available research and scientific studies. The content of the article is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. None of the statements in this article are intended to provide medical advice. We encourage everyone to consult a qualified healthcare professional before making decisions related to medical treatments