Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, abbreviated HBOT and internationally known as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, is a technology in which a person breathes oxygen in a pressure chamber at a higher pressure than normal air pressure. When the pressure increases above 1 ATA, which is normal atmospheric level at sea level, the amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in blood and body fluids increases. This affects the body's natural physiological processes related to oxygen transport, energy turnover, microcirculation and cellular activity. The technology is used internationally in wellness recovery research performance optimization and controlled clinical environments. This guide is a complete practical and science-based resource that explains how HBOT works, who it is suitable for, how to start safely, how sessions are structured, how pressure is chosen and how programs are adapted to different target groups without medical claims.
Important information and framework for use
This is general professional information based on publicly available sources. HBOT is not a substitute for medical evaluation or treatment. People with disease symptoms or a medical history should consult a qualified healthcare professional before use. Conditions that may require assessment before starting include untreated lung conditions air in the chest cavity recent surgery fever pronounced claustrophobia or problems with equalization of pressure in the ears or sinuses.
What HBOT is and why pressure is used
HBOT means that the body is exposed to increased pressure while breathing oxygen-rich air. As the pressure increases, the partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air rises and more oxygen diffuses through the lungs into the blood. Normally, oxygen is mainly transported bound to hemoglobin, but at elevated pressure, significant amounts of oxygen can be dissolved directly in blood plasma. This follows Henry's law, which describes that gases dissolve better in liquids at higher pressures. Oxygen is crucial for the mitochondria's production of ATP and thus the body's energy metabolism. Changes in oxygen availability also affect biological signaling pathways that regulate gene expression, enzyme activity, vascular response, redox balance and physiological adaptation to stress.
What ATA means in a pressure chamber
ATA means atmospheres absolute and describes the pressure inside the chamber. 1 ATA is normal air pressure. 1.3 ATA corresponds to a water depth of a few metres. 1.5 ATA corresponds to approximately five meters underwater and 2.0 ATA approximately ten meters. The higher the ATA, the more oxygen can be dissolved in body fluids, assuming sufficient exposure time and oxygen concentration.
The difference between soft and hard HBOT
Soft HBOTs use flexible inflatable chambers made of pressure-resistant polymer materials and typically operate between 1.2 and 1.5 ATA. The user breathes compressed air and possibly extra oxygen via a mask or hose. This variety is often used in wellness recovery home use and startup programs because the pressure is lower and the experience usually more comfortable. Hard HBOT uses fixed chambers of metal or acrylic and usually operates between 1.5 and 2.0 ATA or more. These are often used in professional environments with higher requirements for safety training and follow-up. Higher pressure results in higher oxygen pressure and more intensive physiological impact.
Physiological effects and biological mechanisms
Increased oxygen dissolution in plasma can support the body's normal energy metabolism, circulation and oxygen distribution to tissues. Oxygen functions as both an energy substrate and signal molecule and affects, among other things, the electron transport chain in mitochondria, cellular redox status, nitrogen balance, vascular regulation and adaptation processes. Many users report subjective experiences of relaxation, mental clarity and a sense of recovery after sessions, but response varies individually and is affected by pressure, duration, frequency, sleep, hydration, nutrition and stress level.
Who HBOT can be suitable for
Healthy adults can often use low-pressure HBOT as part of wellness or recovery routines. Elderly people can often use it if their heart and lung function is stable. Athletes often use it after training or competition. People with sedentary work use it to support circulation and recovery. Children and young people should only use the technology after professional assessment. People with untreated lung disorders, pneumothorax, fever, recent surgery or severe claustrophobia should be assessed before use.
Structure of a session
A standard session consists of three phases compression stable phase decompression. The compression phase often lasts 10 to 15 minutes where the pressure is gradually increased. Stable phase often lasts 45 to 75 minutes depending on the protocol. The decompression phase often lasts 10 to 15 minutes, during which the pressure is gradually reduced. For beginners, slow compression is the most important comfort factor.
Duration frequency and cumulative effect
Usual session length is 60 to 90 minutes. At higher pressures, sessions can last up to 120 minutes. The effect is often described as cumulative, which means that several sessions over time give a greater overall response than individual sessions. Soft HBOT is often used 1 to 5 times per week. Hard HBOT is often used 3 to 5 times per week in series. Streaks can last from a few weeks to several months depending on the goal.
How to choose the right pressure
Beginners usually start around 1.2 to 1.3 ATA. After getting used to it, the pressure can be increased to 1.4 to 1.5 ATA. More intensive programs can use up to 2.0 ATA during monitoring. Gradual progression gives the body time to adapt to pressure changes and provides better comfort.
Example of a safe start-up protocol
Week 1 three sessions of 60 minutes at approx. 1.3 ATA
Week 2 four sessions of 75 minutes at approx. 1.4 ATA
Week 3 five sessions of 90 minutes at approx. 1.5 ATA
Frequency and pressure are then adjusted according to target tolerance and response.
Program strategies by target
Wellness programs often use low to moderate pressure and steady frequency. Recovery programs use moderate pressure and sessions after load or in series. Intensive programs use higher pressure and more frequent sessions. Maintenance programs often consist of one to three sessions per week.
Six example protocols for different user segments
General well-being and stress balance
Pressure 1.2–1.4 ATA
Duration 60 minutes
Frequency 2–4 sessions per week
Program length 4–8 weeks
Sports and physical recovery
Pressure 1.3–1.5 ATA
Duration 60–90 minutes
Frequency 3–5 sessions per week
Program length 2–4 weeks
Anti-aging and performance optimization
Pressure 1.4–1.5 ATA
Duration 75–90 minutes
Frequency 4–6 sessions per week
Program length 6–8 weeks
Cognitive support and mental recovery
Pressure 1.3–1.5 ATA
Duration 60–90 minutes
Frequency 4–5 sessions per week
Program length 4–12 weeks
Chronic stress and fatigue
Pressure 1.2–1.4 ATA
Duration 60 minutes
Frequency 3–5 sessions per week
Program length 6–10 weeks
Intensive structured series under follow-up
Pressure 1.5–2.0 ATA
Duration 90 minutes
Frequency 5 sessions per week
Program length 2–4 weeks
Practical user tips before a session
Drink water before the session. Eat a light meal 1 to 2 hours before. Avoid alcohol on the same day. Limit caffeine if you want maximum relaxation. Wear comfortable clothes without static material. Make sure you can equalize the pressure in your ears. Go to the toilet before starting.
Tips during the session
Breathe calmly. Swallow or yawn to relieve pressure. Avoid rapid movements during pressure changes. Speak up if you feel uncomfortable. Relax your body. Calm music or meditation can increase comfort.
Tips after the session
Drink water. Take it easy the first class if you are a beginner. Observe response. Note sleep energy and comfort for optimal adaptation.
Operator and clinic recommendations
Always start low pressure with new users. Increase gradually. Document pressure duration frequency response and comfort. Use screening before the first session. Have a checklist before starting. Ensure ventilation and comfort temperature. Have clear stopping criteria in case of discomfort. Follow the manufacturer's procedures.
Safety and risk assessment
HBOT is generally safe when used correctly. The most common temporary experience is pressure in the ears or sinuses. This is prevented with slow compression and correct pressure compensation. Oxygen-rich environments require approved materials and strict safety procedures. Modern chambers have safety valves, sensors and ventilation systems. Training, maintenance and procedures are essential for safe use.
Technical characteristics of pressure chambers
Soft chambers often consist of multi-layer polymer materials with pressure-proof seams and transparent windows. Hard chambers are usually made of steel, aluminum or acrylic and may have digital control systems for pressure, temperature and ventilation. Compressor noise is often between 40 and 65 decibels. Power consumption varies from a few hundred watts to several kilowatts. Stable pressure regulation is essential for safe operation.
Disclaimer
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is not intended to diagnose, treat or cure disease. People with health challenges should consult with a qualified healthcare professional before use. Equipment must be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and kept out of the reach of children.
Freedom of expression and right to information
Uno Vita shares publicly available research and knowledge about health and wellness technology in accordance with the principles of freedom of information laid down in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 19 the UN Convention on Civil and Political Rights article 19 Norwegian Constitution §100 and corresponding international principles with the aim of contributing to knowledge-based understanding and informed choices.
Scientific references
-
Jain KK. Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine
-
Thom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen physiology
-
Gill AL, Bell CN. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy review
-
Leach RM et al. ABC of oxygen
-
Bennett MH et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy overview
-
Gesell LB. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy indications
-
Kindwall EP. Hyperbaric medicine practice
-
Mathieu D. Handbook on hyperbaric medicine
-
Moon RE. Physiology of hyperbaric oxygen
-
Tibbles PM, Edelsberg JS. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
-
Hadanny A, Efrati S. Oxygen and cellular mechanisms
-
Feldmeier JJ. Hyperbaric oxygen clinical science
