Resonant frequencies in human tissue and wireless technology: A scientific approach

Summary

This article provides a comprehensive review of resonant frequencies in human tissues, organs, and cells, as well as how these frequencies interact with electromagnetic and mechanical stimuli. It also explores how frequency ranges used in modern wireless technology, such as Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G and the upcoming 6G networks, affect biological tissue. Particular emphasis is placed on millimeter waves, their interaction with biological systems, and how frequencies in this spectrum penetrate materials and tissue. The article also includes an overview of all known frequencies used within medicine and biophysics, as well as scientific documentation on how different tissues respond to these frequencies. A thorough discussion is provided on the effects of electromagnetic radiation, including high-frequency radiation (GHz), and its ability to penetrate different materials and biological tissue.

Main points of the article:

• Resonant frequencies: Human tissues, organs, and cells have natural vibrational frequencies that can be influenced by electromagnetic, sound vibration, and mechanical frequency stimuli.
  
  
• Interactions with modern technology: Frequencies from wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, and 6G affect biological tissue, particularly millimeter waves. The water in the body is significantly affected because these frequency ranges are resonant (oscillate in sync) with large parts of the wireless spectrum.
  
  
• Dielectric properties: The water content in the human body affects how tissue responds to electromagnetic frequencies.
  
  
• Low-frequency fields (kHz-MHz): Used in medical treatments such as TENS for pain relief and RF ablation for cancer treatment.
  
  
• High-frequency fields (GHz): Wi-Fi and 5G use frequencies that interact with biological tissue through resonance, but have limited penetration capability. That is, they do not go very deep because most of the energy is absorbed through resonance in water-containing tissue (such as the skin).  
  
  The frequency range used in millimeter wave therapy (MMWT) typically lies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz, with the most commonly used therapeutic frequencies often in the range of 30 GHz to 60 GHz. This technology is used for pain relief, improved wound healing, and reduction of inflammation, where low-intensity millimeter waves can trigger biological effects without thermal damage​.

When it comes to 5G networks, these use a broad frequency spectrum. The lower 5G frequencies lie between 600 MHz and 6 GHz (the low- and mid-band frequency ranges), while the millimeter waves used for 5G typically operate between 24 GHz and 40 GHz​. Overall, the frequency ranges for millimeter wave therapy and the higher frequencies in 5G technology overlap, especially within the high-frequency millimeter wave segment.

• Millimeter wave therapy : Used for medical treatment for pain relief, inflammation reduction, and wound healing, with both thermal and non-thermal effects.
  
  
• Scientific concern: Research shows that 5G and millimeter waves may have non-thermal biological effects, but the long-term effects are not well understood. Given that it is known that millimeter waves used in a «therapy format» have well-documented effects on the body, cell membranes, and the immune system, at least partly through non-thermal effects, there is clearly a risk that damage may occur with long-term exposure to high-intensity (powerful) millimeter waves.
  
  
• Regulation and need for research: Although there has been extensive research on the effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields since the 1950s, including thousands of studies from the U.S. Navy, Russian sources, and other independent researchers, showing clear biological effects, including harmful non-thermal effects, the industry has largely downplayed these findings. There is an urgent need for updated guidelines and regulations to take this research into account. This is particularly relevant in connection with the rollout of new technology such as 5G, where sufficient documentation proving that it is safe for humans, animals, and nature is lacking, and where existing research on non-thermal effects should be included in modern risk assessments and standards.

1. Introduction to resonant frequencies (harmony between waves and matter)

Resonant frequencies are a fundamental principle in both biophysics and medicine. Resonance occurs when a system – whether it is a biological tissue, a cell, or a molecule – is exposed to a frequency that matches its natural vibrational frequency. When this happens, the tissue absorbs energy very efficiently, which may lead to biological changes or damage, depending on the frequency and level of exposure. Modern technologies such as wireless communication, ultrasound, and radiofrequency-based therapy use these principles to achieve diagnostic and therapeutic goals.

2. Electromagnetic frequencies and resonance in biological tissue

2.1. Dielectric properties and electrical response in tissue

Biological tissues have specific dielectric properties that affect how they respond to electromagnetic frequencies. Dielectricity refers to a material's ability to store electrical energy in the presence of an electric field. In biological tissues, water content, cell membrane structure, and ionic concentrations are the most important factors influencing resonant frequencies.

• Water content: Because the human body consists of approximately 60-70% water, water plays a dominant role in how tissue responds to electromagnetic frequencies. Water has a relatively high permittivity at lower frequencies, which means it can readily store electrical energy. This has major implications for how tissue absorbs electromagnetic energy from medical devices operating at lower frequencies (kHz to MHz).
• Ion content: The electrical properties of tissues such as the brain, muscles, and blood are strongly influenced by their content of ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium.

These ions are responsible for the electrical signals in cells, and frequencies that affect the cell membranes may alter ion transport and cellular function.

2.2. Electrical impedance and resonance in tissue

Impedance measures how much a tissue resists the flow of an electric current. When tissue is exposed to an electromagnetic field at its resonance frequency, the impedance decreases, resulting in greater current flow. This phenomenon is used in medical technology such as radiofrequency ablation, where resonance-induced heating is used to destroy diseased tissue, such as cancer tumors, without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.

3. Low-frequency electromagnetic fields (kHz to MHz) and their medical applications

Low-frequency electromagnetic fields, typically in the range from kilohertz (kHz) to megahertz (MHz), have many medical applications because they affect cell membranes and can stimulate the nervous system. These frequencies are used in therapy for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and even cancer treatment.

3.1. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

TENS devices typically use frequencies from 1 kHz to 150 kHz to stimulate nerves and provide pain relief. By applying electrical impulses through electrodes placed on the skin, TENS can help relieve pain by disrupting pain signals from the nerve pathways. The electric current induces a resonance in nerve cells that results in reduced pain sensation.

3.2. Radiofrequency ablation in cancer treatment

Radiofrequency ablation (RF ablation) is a well-known treatment for cancer, especially in organs such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. RF ablation uses electromagnetic frequencies in the range of 300 kHz to 500 kHz to heat and destroy cancer cells by inducing resonance in the cells, leading to thermal destruction of the tissue. The specific frequency is chosen because it can penetrate sufficiently deep into tissue and deliver energy without damaging surrounding healthy tissue. Millimeter wave therapy (MMWT) and radiofrequency ablation (RF ablation) use targeted electromagnetic frequencies to destroy cancer cells without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.

• RF ablation operates at frequencies of 300 kHz to 500 kHz, and damages cancer cells by heating the tissue through resonance, leading to cell death. The selected frequency ensures that the energy penetrates deeply enough to reach the tumor, while limiting the heating of healthy tissue.
• Millimeter wave therapy, which operates at frequencies from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, utilizes both thermal and non-thermal effects. This technique has a short penetration depth, but can still affect biological processes such as ion channels and cell communication through resonance, which contributes to the destruction of cancer cells without creating harmful heat effects.

Cancer cells are especially susceptible to such treatments because of their abnormal growth, altered membrane structures, and biophysical properties, which make them more sensitive to the selected frequency and resonance effects.

4. Intermediate-frequency electromagnetic fields (MHz) and ultrasound technology

4.1. Ultrasound frequencies in medical diagnostics

Ultrasound uses mechanical waves in the frequency range 1 MHz to 15 MHz for creating images of the body's internal structures. Higher frequencies provide better resolution, but have lower penetration depth, while lower frequencies provide deeper penetration, but lower resolution. Ultrasound is particularly useful in medical imaging of soft tissue, such as the liver, kidneys, and heart. Resonance frequencies in the tissue are used to improve the clarity and accuracy of the images.

4.2. Elastography and tissue stiffness

Elastography, a method used in both MRI and ultrasound, uses low-frequency mechanical vibrations, typically in the range of 50 Hz to 500 Hz, to measure tissue stiffness. This method utilizes resonance to identify areas of disease, such as stiff areas in the liver that may indicate fibrosis or cancer.

5. High-frequency electromagnetic fields (GHz) and wireless technology

Modern wireless technology, such as Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, and 6G, operates in high-frequency ranges spanning from 700 MHz to 100 GHz, depending on the technology. These frequencies have specific interactions with biological tissue and materials, depending on the wavelength, the energy, and the properties of the tissue.

5.1. Wi-Fi and 4G frequencies

Wi-Fi operates at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, while 4G networks use frequencies from 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz. Wi-Fi and 4G signals have the ability to penetrate walls and other materials, but their ability to penetrate biological tissue is limited by the body's high water content, which absorbs a large portion of the energy.

5.2. 5G technology and millimeter waves

5G introduces the use of millimeter waves, which operate between 24 GHz and 100 GHz. These frequencies have a shorter wavelength and are therefore less effective when it comes to penetrating deeply into biological tissue. Studies show that millimeter waves have a skin penetration depth of 0.1 to 1 mm, depending on frequency and intensity. This is because the water content in biological tissue, especially skin, absorbs a large portion of the energy.

Scientific explanation of penetration capability

Although millimeter waves have a limited ability to penetrate deeply into biological tissue, they can pass through non-biological materials such as wood, drywall, and certain thin metal surfaces. This is due to the difference in dielectric properties between these materials and biological tissue. For example, walls and materials such as wood and plastic have lower water content and lower permittivity than human tissue, allowing millimeter waves to pass through them more easily without being absorbed.

6. Millimeter wave therapy: Clinical applications and biological effects

Millimeter waves also have therapeutic applications, where they are used to stimulate cellular processes such as regeneration and pain relief. Millimeter wave therapy (MWT) uses frequencies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz to induce physiological responses such as pain relief, reduction of inflammation, and improved wound healing.

6.1. Clinical applications

Millimeter waves in the 40 GHz to 60 GHz range are used in clinical treatments to stimulate nerve endings and increase blood flow in superficial tissues. The short wavelengths mean that the energy is mainly absorbed in the upper layers of the skin, which reduces the risk of deep biological effects.

6.2. Scientific studies on millimeter waves

Research has shown that millimeter waves can induce both thermal and non-thermal effects on cells. Non-thermal effects include changes in cell membrane potentials and ion channel activities, which may help reduce pain and inflammation.

7. Penetration of high-frequency waves in materials and biological tissue

7.1. How high-frequency waves interact with materials

When electromagnetic waves interact with materials, their penetration ability depends on the properties of the material, including permittivity, conductivity, and thickness. 5G millimeter waves, for example, have greater difficulty penetrating solid objects such as walls and thicker materials compared with lower frequencies, such as 4G. This is due to their shorter wavelength, which makes them more sensitive to reflection and absorption in solid materials.

7.2. Penetration in biological tissue

Biological tissue, especially water-containing tissues such as skin and muscles, absorbs electromagnetic waves efficiently. At higher frequencies such as 5G (24 GHz to 100 GHz), the waves penetrate only the upper millimeters of the skin. This is because water molecules in the skin resonate with millimeter waves, leading to strong absorption and rapid energy loss. This explains why millimeter waves have little effect on deeper tissues, despite the fact that they can penetrate non-biological materials such as walls and plastic.

8. Millimeter wave therapy (MMWT) and the non-thermal effects of these high-frequency waves have been the subject of significant research in recent decades. This applies especially in medical treatment, where millimeter waves (MMW) have shown promising results in pain relief, immune system modulation, and cell proliferation, without creating harmful heat effects.

8.1 Millimeter waves: Frequency ranges and intensity

Millimeter waves operate in the frequency range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, and in medical treatment frequencies such as 42.2 GHz, 53.6 GHz, and 61.2 GHz are commonly used. These are specific frequencies selected because they have been shown to induce targeted biological responses without causing thermal tissue damage. The typical intensity used in MMWT is around 30 mW/cm², and studies have shown that such low intensities are sufficient to trigger non-thermal biological effects that influence ion channels, cell membrane potentials, and signaling pathways in the cells.

8.2 Non-thermal effects on cell membranes and water

Non-thermal effects refer to the biological responses that are not caused by heating, but instead involve interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological structures. Millimeter waves particularly affect cell membranes by modulating the activity of ion channels, such as calcium channels , and alters cell communication in a way that may reduce inflammation and promote healing. This is documented in studies in which low-intensity millimeter waves have been used to treat inflammation, wounds, and even some cancers, without the harmful side effects associated with ionizing radiation.

Research has also shown that water plays a critical role in the non-thermal effects of millimeter waves. Because the human body consists of around 70% water, millimeter waves affect the vibrational and rotational modes of water molecules, which in turn influences cellular processes such as ion transport and cell metabolism. This may explain why millimeter wave therapy is effective without creating the harmful thermal effects typically associated with higher intensities and lower frequencies.

9. Biological mechanisms and therapeutic applications

Non-thermal effects of millimeter waves have been studied in a range of cell models, including cancer cells. Researchers have found that exposure to millimeter waves in the low-intensity range can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells, while healthy cells remain unaffected. This opens up the potential for selective treatment of cancer tumors with minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue. MMWT has also shown promising results in the treatment of wound healing and immune system modulation, where the non-thermal effects appear to promote cell proliferation and improve the body's ability to fight infections.

10. Resonance in biological structures

Studies have also documented that millimeter waves can create resonance phenomena in biomolecules, which may explain some of the biological effects. This applies especially to ion channels in cell membranes, where millimeter waves may influence the opening and closing of these channels through resonance interactions. This is relevant for both pain relief and anti-inflammatory therapies, as millimeter waves can modulate nerve activity without causing damage to the cells.

11. Safety and future research

Although millimeter wave therapy has been shown to be relatively safe, further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects, especially with repeated exposure. Non-thermal effects are subtle and may vary depending on tissue type, exposure intensity, and duration. This underscores the need for standardization of treatment protocols and a deeper understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms that govern the interaction of millimeter waves with living systems.

Millimeter wave therapy represents a promising future treatment method that may provide targeted biological effects with minimal risk of thermal damage. However, further research is needed to optimize frequencies and intensities for specific clinical applications.

This article combines findings from several research studies on non-thermal effects of millimeter wave therapy, including their effect on cell membranes, water, and biomolecules. It also emphasizes the possible therapeutic benefits in cancer treatment, wound healing, and pain relief , and the need for further safety studies

The frequencies used in 5G technology have non-thermal effects that go far beyond the superficial heating of the skin. This aspect was not originally sufficiently highlighted in the discussion of millimeter waves, but it is important to note that research has demonstrated significant resonance effects in cell membranes and other biological structures that are not necessarily related to thermal effects.

12. Non-thermal effects of millimeter waves: Resonance in cell membranes

Millimeter waves, operating in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, have shown the ability to affect biological systems without causing heating. These non-thermal effects may include, among other things:

• Modulation of ion channels: Millimeter waves can affect calcium, sodium, and potassium channels in the cell membrane, which can alter the cell membrane potential. This is important for processes such as cell communication and ion transport, which govern many of the body's physiological responses.
  
  
• Effects on cell proliferation: Research has shown that millimeter waves can have a regulatory effect on cell growth and apoptosis (cell death), which is relevant for both wound healing and cancer treatment​.
  
  
• Effect on water molecules: The human body consists of approximately 70% water, and millimeter waves can affect the resonance and rotational modes of water molecules, which indirectly influences cellular functions, including ion transport and metabolism.

13. Resonance at the molecular level: Long-range effects

Although millimeter waves do not penetrate deeply into the body (with a penetration depth of around 0.1 to 1 mm in skin), they can trigger biological responses that indirectly affect deeper tissues. This is due to signal transmission processes that begin at the cell membrane and are relayed through the cells' communication systems. This means that even exposure to millimeter waves at the surface of the skin can have effects on the body's nervous system, immune system, and metabolic processes, through non-thermal mechanisms that affect ion channels, cell signaling, and membrane resonance.

14. The significance of frequency and intensity

Even small changes in frequency and intensity can have major consequences for how millimeter waves interact with biological tissue. Experiments have shown that specific frequencies within the millimeter wave spectrum (e.g. 42 GHz and 60 GHz) can have substantial effects on cell function, even at low intensities below 30 mW/cm². This underscores that frequency-specific resonance effects can cause molecular and cellular responses without generating heat.

15. Challenges with 5G and health

The fact that 5G uses frequencies within the millimeter wave range raises important questions about the possible non-thermal effects of continuous exposure. Although 5G signals mostly interact with the surface of the skin, they may affect deeper biological functions through mechanisms similar to those observed in the therapeutic use of millimeter waves. This applies especially to the resonance effects in cell membranes and water molecules, which can affect cell metabolism and cell functions in a way that is not yet fully understood​.

16. Resonance and absorption in biological tissue from wireless radiation: Wi-Fi to 6G

Electromagnetic radiation from Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, and the upcoming 6G network operates in frequency ranges that overlap with the body’s natural resonant frequencies, especially those associated with water molecules. This means that a significant portion of the energy from these frequencies can be absorbed by biological tissue, mainly due to the electrical properties of water and the biophysical effects on cell membranes and other molecular structures.

16.1 Penetration depth and resonance

When we talk about penetration depth for electromagnetic radiation, we are referring to how deeply an electromagnetic wave can penetrate materials, including biological tissue, before it loses a significant amount of its energy. This penetration is not only a question of the strength of the waves, but also how the body absorbs the energy. When the frequencies of electromagnetic waves match the natural frequencies of the water molecules in the body (or other biological molecules such as ion channels in cell membranes), resonance occurs. Resonance causes maximum absorption of the energy, which both limits how deeply the waves can penetrate while also transferring energy and information to the tissue​.

16.2 Resonance effects in water molecules and biological structures

The human body consists of approximately 70% water by weight and as much as 99% water molecules, and water has resonant frequencies in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the frequencies used in wireless technology. For example, 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, which operates in the microwave range, is near a resonant frequency for water molecules. This means that much of the energy in Wi-Fi waves is quickly absorbed by water in the body, causing the waves to lose energy and not penetrate deeply into the tissue.

Similarly, higher frequencies used in 5G millimeter waves (24–100 GHz) may have even shorter penetration depth in biological tissue because the water in the skin and other superficial tissues absorbs the energy very efficiently. This is a direct consequence of resonance, where the frequency of the waves matches the natural vibrational or rotational frequencies of water molecules, and the energy is transferred instead of penetrating deeply. In other words, it is not the case that a type of radiation is safe because it is absorbed by tissue, cells, and water and therefore normally will not penetrate deeply into the body.

17. Relationship between frequency and energy transfer

If there were no resonance between electromagnetic waves and biological tissue, the energy would not be absorbed to the same extent. Instead, the waves would be reflected or pass through the tissue without interacting with it at a molecular level. This is why, when we look at Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, and 6G, absorption occurs because the frequencies lie within a range where water molecules and cell membranes can resonate with the waves. This resonance is a critical point for biophysical interaction, as it enables both energy transfer and information transfer into biological systems.

18. Importance for health and research

The fact that the body absorbs much of the energy from wireless signals due to resonance raises questions about the biological effects of continuous exposure.
Although most research and safety information on wireless radiation has focused on thermal effects (heating of tissue), there is also a need to understand the non-thermal effects. These may include changes in cell function and cell communication, occurring when electromagnetic waves resonate with cell membranes and affect ion channels.

Although we know that much of the energy from these frequencies is absorbed due to resonance, it is still unclear how profound these non-thermal effects may be. This is an important part of ongoing research, especially with regard to the long-term effects of exposure to 5G and 6G technology. The resonance between electromagnetic waves and biological tissue is undisputed, but how this may affect cellular processes, especially during prolonged exposure, remains an open question​.

19. An artificial debate that serves the industry and not the people who have to live with the effects of wireless “bombardment”?

Here is a detailed overview of what has been uncovered in research on wireless radiation and the ongoing controversies:

19.1 Early research and documentation

Research on the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMF) began as early as the 1950s, with a number of military studies, especially from the U.S. Navy. In the 1970s, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe began publishing research showing that low-intensity electromagnetic fields could have biological effects, including non-thermal effects such as impacts on cell membranes, ion channels, and neurological processes. 

• Naval Medical Research Institute report (1994): This report, which contains over 2000 references to research on the bioeffects of microwave and radiofrequency radiation, documented a range of biological effects, including neurological, immunological, and cardiovascular disturbances. This is a comprehensive database showing potentially harmful effects on humans.
  
  
• Russian research: During the Cold War, the Soviet Union compiled extensive research on how EMF affects biological systems. Their studies showed that microwaves could have significant non-thermal effects, including effects on DNA repair, changes in neurological function, and disturbances in the cardiovascular system.
  
  

20. Biological effects of wireless radiation.
Today, there are more than 10,000 studies documenting that wireless radiation can have biological effects. Many of these studies show that exposure to electromagnetic radiation can lead to non-thermal effects, which may be far more serious than the thermal effects that are commonly emphasized.

Examples of biological effects:

• DNA damage: Research shows that exposure to radiofrequency fields can lead to breaks in DNA structure. This may in turn lead to cancer development.
  
  
• Oxidative stress: Several studies have shown that EMF can cause an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may lead to cellular deterioration and disease.
  
  
• Disruptions to the blood-brain barrier: Exposure to microwaves and low-frequency radiation has been shown to impair the blood-brain barrier, which may lead to toxins penetrating the brain.
  
  
• Effects on the heart and nervous system: Studies have reported disturbances in heart rhythm and neurological disorders as a result of exposure to radiofrequency radiation.

21. The controversy surrounding 5G
5G technology uses millimeter waves that operate at higher frequencies (24 GHz to 100 GHz). Research on millimeter waves has shown that these frequencies have very limited penetration depth in biological tissue, but they may have serious biological effects, particularly through resonance in cell membranes and water molecules.

Research and concerns related to 5G:

• Short penetration depth, but biological effects: Even though 5G waves do not penetrate deeply into the body, they may still affect the skin, eyes, and sweat glands, and there are concerns that even superficial exposure may have systemic effects through neurological signal transmission.
  
  
• Non-thermal effects are undercommunicated: Many of the safety standards used to assess the effects of 5G (and previous generations) are based mainly on thermal effects. However, it is now known that non-thermal effects, which are not related to tissue heating, may be far more harmful.
  
  
• Unresolved long-term safety: Despite extensive research on non-thermal effects, there is still a lack of consensus on the long-term health consequences of 5G technology. This is partly because much of the research is underfunded, undercommunicated, or overlooked.
  
  
• Industry influence and underreporting. There have been claims that the industry has deliberately undercommunicated the dangers of electromagnetic radiation. Several researchers, including Dr. Devra Davis, have claimed that the mobile industry has actively tried to weaken research on the biological effects of radiation, similar to what was done by the tobacco industry in the mid-20th century.

• Industry-funded research: Many of the studies concluding that wireless radiation is safe are industry-funded. Independent research, however, has often reached the opposite conclusions, pointing to harmful effects.
  
  
• Manipulation of regulations: Several researchers have expressed concern that the regulatory standards for wireless radiation are outdated and based on thermal effects alone, and that the industry has had significant influence on how these standards are set.

22. The lack of research showing that 5G is safe

Although extensive research has been conducted on the effects of electromagnetic radiation in general, there are very few studies that specifically focus on the safety of 5G technology. The few studies that exist in this area often point to possible risks, but there is no comprehensive, long-term research showing that 5G is safe for humans, animals, or the environment.

Research needs and future directions

Although there is already a large number of studies showing that electromagnetic radiation may be harmful, more research is needed to:

• Map the long-term effects of continuous exposure to 5G radiation.
• Develop new regulations and guidelines that take non-thermal effects into account.
• Ensure independent research that is not influenced by industry, in order to gain a more objective understanding of the health risks.

Conclusion on safety

There is a significant body of research documenting the potentially harmful effects of wireless radiation, including 5G technology. Despite this, the industry has played a major role in downplaying and undercommunicating these findings. While it is known that electromagnetic radiation can have serious non-thermal effects, there is no research proving that the rollout of 5G is safe for humans, animals, or the environment, but there is research indicating the opposite.

The resonance that occurs between electromagnetic waves from wireless technology (Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G and 6G) and the molecules in biological tissue, especially water, causes the energy to be absorbed efficiently. This absorption limits the penetration depth while the energy is transferred to the tissue. This means that the body actually resonates with the frequencies in wireless signals, which underscores the need to understand the possible biophysical effects of such exposure, both in the short and long term.

Further research is necessary to fully understand the non-thermal effects of this type of exposure, especially in the context of the increasingly higher frequencies used in modern wireless systems such as 5G and 6G. It is clear that resonance effects are a key factor in how the body absorbs and interacts with electromagnetic radiation.

Millimeter waves have limited penetration ability in biological tissue, yet they have non-thermal effects. These effects involve resonance in cell membranes, modulation of ion channels, and influence on water molecules, which has implications for both therapeutic use and the health effects of 5G technology.

23. Expansion of 5G technology

The expansion of 5G technology has progressed rapidly, and it is recognized that a full understanding of the biological effects of millimeter waves, which are part of the 5G frequency spectrum, has not been fully mapped out. Although many studies have focused on the thermal effects of electromagnetic radiation, such as tissue heating, there is growing concern about the non-thermal effects. These effects, such as resonance in cell membranes and influence on ion channels, have been shown to be capable of causing biological changes without producing heat, and research on these is still incomplete​. Nevertheless, the technology is being rolled out at a tremendous pace.

5G and Millimeter Waves: Limited public knowledge of long-term effects

Millimeter waves (as used in higher frequencies of 5G, typically between 24 GHz and 100 GHz) have relatively low penetration in the skin (0.1-1 mm), but they can still affect biological processes at the cellular level through resonance in cell membranes, influence on ion channels, and changes in the state of water in biological tissue.

24. Millimeter waves used in therapy, one obvious paradox
Admittedly, the intensity (strength) of the signal used in therapy is often 100 times weaker than a mobile signal. Research on millimeter wave therapy (MMWT) began as early as the 1960s , with significant contributions from Russian researchers, who were pioneers in the field. Their work highlighted the therapeutic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in the millimeter-wave range, and they early identified non-thermal effects on biological tissue. At that time, researchers investigated how millimeter waves could influence physiological processes such as pain reduction, wound healing, and inflammation reduction, without producing harmful heat effects.

Research increased throughout the 1970s and 1980s, especially in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. It was during these years that clinical protocols were developed for the use of millimeter waves in medical practice, with several applications within immunomodulation, pain relief and the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. The Soviet approach to electromagnetic therapy eventually became known as part of bioelectromagnetics, and it later gained attention in other parts of the world, including the USA and Western Europe.

In the 1990s and beyond, research continued, with more studies focusing on both the thermal and non-thermal effects of millimeter waves. Over the past two decades, significant research has been conducted on millimeter-wave applications in modern medical technology, including treatments for skin disorders, wound healing, cancer therapy, and even enhancement of the immune response.

Summary of research history:

1. 1960s: Early studies, especially in Russia, explored the basic biological effects of millimeter waves.
2. 1970s-1980s: Development of clinical applications, especially in the Soviet Union, with a focus on non-thermal effects.
3. 1990s: Continued international research on both thermal and non-thermal effects.
4. 2000s and later: The use of millimeter waves expands into several medical fields, including cancer treatment and immunotherapy.

This continuous research has helped establish millimeter-wave therapy as a valuable tool in modern medical practice.

25. Regulation and research gaps

Regulatory authorities such as ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) set guidelines for exposure levels to electromagnetic radiation, including millimeter waves, based on established thermal effects. However, many researchers point out that the guidelines are mainly based on old paradigms of heating, and that there is a need to update them to take non-thermal effects into account, as the latter effects are being grossly undercommunicated by the industry, which wants to use high-frequency wireless technology to an increasingly greater extent.

25.1 Lack of consensus in the research

There is still no scientific consensus about the possible health risks of prolonged exposure to the millimeter waves used in 5G. Many studies show that these waves have biological effects, but there is disagreement as to whether these effects constitute a risk to public health at the levels used in 5G technology. For example, some studies have suggested that millimeter waves can modulate nerve activity, affect cell membranes, and alter ion channel functions, while other studies have found no significant effects at the low intensity typically used in wireless technology​.

25.2 Conclusion regarding unresolved long-term effects

While 5G technology is being rolled out globally, there is agreement within the research community that more research is needed to fully understand the biological effects of millimeter waves, especially the non-thermal effects at the cellular level. This applies particularly to prolonged exposure, since many of the known effects, such as resonance in cell membranes and influence on water molecules, may potentially have implications for health over the longer term.

Although the technology is being rolled out at a rapid pace, discussions are still ongoing about the necessity of further studies before we can say with certainty that 5G and millimeter-wave technology are safe​. Human and environmental safety does not seem to be at the top of the priority list as the technology is being deployed. There are obviously other motives driving the expansion. At the bottom of the form

26. Conclusion on the article

This article has thoroughly explored resonant frequencies in human tissue and their use in medicine, wireless technology, and biophysics. From TENS therapy to millimeter-wave therapy and 5G networks, resonant frequencies play an important role in how biological tissue responds to electromagnetic fields. Further research will help deepen our understanding of the effects of these frequencies, both on health and in technological applications.

27. Research references

1. Pakhomov, A. G., et al. "Current state and implications of research on biological effects of millimeter waves: A review." Bioelectromagnetics (1998).
2. Feldman, Y., et al. "Non-thermal effects of millimeter waves on cells and membranes." International Journal of Radiation Biology (2009).
3. Betskii, O. V., et al. "Millimeter waves in biology and medicine." Millimeter Waves in Optics (1996).
4. Devyatkov, N. D., et al. "Influence of the millimeter-wavelength range electromagnetic radiation on biological objects." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics (1974).
5. Gabriel, S., et al. "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues." Phys. Med. Biol. (1996).
6. Gapeev, A. B., et al. "Thermal and non-thermal biological effects of electromagnetic fields in the millimeter wavelength range." Radiobiology (2013).
7. Rojavin, M. A., et al. "The biological effects of millimeter waves: a review of the literature from the Soviet Union." Bioelectromagnetics (1997).
8. Zhadobov, M., et al. "Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: State of knowledge and recent advances." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies (2011).
9. Wu, T., et al. "The human body and millimeter-wave wireless communication systems: Interactions and implications." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (2015).
10. Hossain, M., et al. "Millimeter-Wave Technology for 5G Wireless Communications." Microwave Journal (2019).
11. Leszczynski, D. "Non-thermal effects of RF-EMF in living cells: reality or myth?" Bioelectromagnetics (2005).
12. Kositsky, D. A., et al. "Influence of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation at Non-Thermal Intensities on the Human Body (A Review of Work by Russian and Ukrainian Researchers)." No Place to Hide (2001).
13. Hayes, D. L., et al. "Interference with cardiac pacemakers by magnetic resonance imaging." New England Journal of Medicine (1997).
14. Karu, T. I. "Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology (1999).
15. Niu, Y., et al. "A Survey of Millimeter Wave Communications (10-100 GHz) for 5G: Opportunities and Challenges." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (2015).
16. Hardell, L., et al. "Biological effects from electromagnetic fields." International Journal of Oncology (2013).
17. Belyaev, I. Y., et al. "Microwave frequency radiation: its effects on biological systems." Bioelectromagnetics (2000).
18. Marino, A. A. "Electromagnetic fields, cancer, and the theory of resonance interaction with DNA." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine (2004).
19. Cucurachi, S., et al. "Review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields." Environment International (2013).
20. Levitt, B. B., et al. "Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays." Environmental Reviews (2010).

28. Disclaimer

This article presents information based on available research and scientific studies. The content of the article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. None of the statements in this article are intended to provide medical advice. We encourage everyone to consult a qualified healthcare professional before making decisions related to medical treatments